| Preface (p. vii) David W. Macdonald Acknowledgements (p. ix) Executive Summary (p. xi) 1. Introduction (p. 1) Rosie Woodroffe & Joshua R. Ginsberg Background Aims and Structure of this Action Plan The Natural History of Wild Dogs Diet Social Organization Cooperative Hunting Cooperative Breeding Ranging Behaviour Conclusions 2. Genetic Perspectives on Wild Dog Conservation.(p. 7) Derek J. Girman & Robert K. Wayne Background Taxonomy Genetic Variation within Wild and Captive Populations 3. The Status & Distribution of Remaining Wild Dog Populations (p.11) John H. Fanshawe, Joshua R. Ginsberg, Claudio Sillero-Zubiri & Rosie Woodroffe Background North Africa Algeria, Mauritania, Western Sahara West Africa Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire (Ivory Coast), Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Sénégal, Sierra Leone, Togo Central Africa Cameroun, Central African Republic (C.A.R.), Republic of Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo (former Zaïre), Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Tchad (Chad) East Africa Burundi, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia , Kenya , Rwanda, Somalia , Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda Southern Africa Angola , Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Moçambique, Namibia , South Africa, Swaziland, Zambia, Zimbabwe Conclusions |
| 4. Past and Future Causes of Wild Dogs’
Population Decline (p.58) Rosie Woodroffe & Joshua R. Ginsberg Background Natural Factors that Might Keep Wild Dog Numbers Low Indirect Competition with other Large Carnivores Direct Competition with other Large Carnivores Predation by other Large Carnivores Human-induced Factors that Might Keep Wild Dog Numbers Low Road Casualties Direct Persecution Snaring Diseases Affecting Wild Dogs Viral Infections Rabies Virus, Canine Distemper Virus,Canine Parvovirus, Canine Adenovirus (Infectious Canine Hepatitis), Canine Coronavirus ,Canine Herpesvirus, Canine Para-influenza Virus, Reovirus, Rotavirus, African Horse Sickness Virus, Bluetongue Virus . Bacterial Infections Bacillus anthracis (Anthrax) , Ehrlichia canis (Ehrlichiosis) , Rickettsia conorii/africae (Spotted Fever) , Coxiella burnetti (Q Fever) , Brucella abortus (Brucellosis) Protozoal Infections Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum, Babesia, Hepatozoon Macroparasites General Patterns Conclusions |
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5. Extinction Risks faced by Remaining
Wild Dog Populations (p.75) Joshua R. Ginsberg & Rosie Woodroffe Background Setting Model Parameters Population Size Mating System Density Dependence Modelling Results Inbreeding Depression Catastrophes Population Fragmentation Threats which Increase Adult Mortality Threats which Increase Juvenile Mortality Conclusions 6. Measures for the Conservation and Management of Free-ranging Wild Dog Populations (p.88) Rosie Woodroffe & Joshua R. Ginsberg Background Protection of Wild Dog Habitat National Parks and Reserves , Other Wildlife Areas Controlling Human-induced Mortality Persecution Legal Protection and Zoning Livestock Husbandry Compensation Schemes Control of Poisons Problem Animals Snaring Road Traffic Accidents Managing the Threat of Disease Minimizing Contact between Wild Dogs and Disease Reservoirs Eradicating Diseases from their Reservoir Hosts Controlling the Numbers of Reservoir Hosts Vaccinating Reservoir Hosts Vaccinating Wild Dogs Themselves The Availability of Suitable Vaccines Locating Wild Dog Packs Halting Selection for Disease Resistance Choosing the Best Strategy for Disease Control Conclusions 7. The Rôle of Captive Breeding and Reintroduction in Wild Dog Conservation (p.100) Rosie Woodroffe & Joshua R. Ginsberg Background Can Wild Dogs be Reintroduced Successfully? Previous Attempts to Reintroduce Wild Dogs (1) Kalahari Gemsbok National Park, South Africa (2) Etosha National Park, Namibia (3) Hluhluwe-Umfolozi Park, South Africa (4) Matetsi Safari Area, Zimbabwe (5) Klaserie Game Reserve, South Africa (6) Venetia Limpopo Nature Reserve, South Africa (7) Madikwe Game Reserve, South Africa Attempts to Reintroduce other Canid Species Grey Wolves Red Wolves Swift Foxes What Lessons can we Learn from Previous Reintroduction Attempts? Are there Wild Dogs Available for Reintroduction? Are Suitable Sites Available for Wild Dog Reintroduction? Size of the Reintroduction Site People in the Reintroduction Site Disease in the Reintroduction Site Competitors in the Reintroduction Site Suitable Sites for Wild Dog Reintroduction What Rôle can Captive Populations Play in Wild Dog Conservation? Conclusions 8. Research and Monitoring: Information for Wild Dog Conservation (p. 112) Joshua R. Ginsberg & Rosie Woodroffe Background Taxonomy Distribution Ecological Monitoring Conflicts between Wild Dogs and People Strategies for Disease Control Protocols for Rabies Vaccination in Wild Dogs Vaccination of Wild Dogs against Canine Distemper Virus Possibilities for Disease Control in Reservoir Hosts Conclusions |
| 9. Country-by-country Action Plans for Wild
Dog Conservation (p.118) Rosie Woodroffe & Joshua R. Ginsberg Appendix 1. The Conservation Implications of Immobilizing, Radio-collaring and Vaccinating Free-ranging Wild Dogs (p.124) Rosie Woodroffe Background Recent History of the Serengeti-Mara Wild Dog Population Evidence for an Association between Handling and Mortality in the Serengeti-Mara Study Population Did the Last Wild Dogs in the Serengeti-Mara Die of Rabies? Would CDV have caused such High Mortality? Could Wild Dogs Die from Rabies if they had been Vaccinated? Vaccination Protocol Pathogenicity of the Rabies Strain Cold Chain Breakdown Maternal Antibodies Reversion to Virulence Was it only the Study Packs that Disappeared? Could the Handled Wild Dogs have been Carrying Rabies? Aborted Infection and Recovery from Rabies Latent Infection Could Handling Reactivate Quiescent Rabies Infection in Wild Dogs? Could the Stress of Immobilization Reactivate Rabies Infection? How Stressful is Immobilization for Wild Dogs? Might Natural Stressors also Play a Rôle? Timescales for Rabies Reactivation . Stress of Immobilization vs Dart-vaccination Conclusion Could Anaesthesia itself Reactivate Rabies Infection? Could Vaccination Reactivate Rabies Infection? Vaccination after Exposure to Rabies Vaccination Immediately before Exposureto Rabies Why might Longevity be Correlated with Handling? Is the Handling-immunosuppression Hypothesis the Best Explanation for the Disappearance of Serengeti-Mara Study Packs? . Do the Risks of Immobilizing Wild Dogs Outweigh the Benefits? Do the Risks of Vaccination Outweigh the Benefits? Appendix 2. Some Techniques for Studying Wild Dogs Joshua R. Ginsberg, Kathleen A. Alexander, Sarah L. Cleaveland, Scott R. Creel, Nancy M. Creel, Nancy Kock, James R. Malcolm, J. Weldon McNutt, M.G.L. Mills & Robert K. Wayne Background Surveying Wild Dog Populations Photo-surveys Surveying Wild Dogs’ Predators and Competitors. Censusing Spotted Hyaenas Censusing Lions Studying Food Acquisition in Wild Dogs Direct Observations Faecal Analysis Opportunistic Observations of Kills Belly Scores Regurgitation Disease Screening in Live Wild Dogs Post-Mortem Examination of Dead Wild Dogs A Note on Safety Equipment Needed for the Examination General Points about Sampling Carrying out the Post Mortem Collecting Samples for Genetic Analysis of Wild Dog Populations Collecting Samples from Anaesthetized Live Wild Dogs Collecting Samples from Wild Dog Carcasses Contact Addresses Appendix 3. List of Contributors Appendix 4. Literature on Lycaon pictus John H. Fanshawe, Joshua R. Ginsberg & Rosie Woodroffe References |
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© 1997 International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources.
Copies of this report are available from: The Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK. E-mail: david.macdonald@zoology.oxford.ac.uk, Telephone: +44 1223 277894; Fax : +44 1865 310447.